ENZYMES
All the information bellow is given by power points, Pearson book, the study guide and the portfolio rubric
2.5.1 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind.
-Substrate: reactant in a biochemical reaction (green)
-Enzyme: Globular proteins which acts as catalyst for biochemical reactions (yellow)
The substrate and the enzyme have polar regions that attracts to each other.
Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site
-Active site: region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrate bind and which catalyses the reaction.
2.5.1 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind.
-Substrate: reactant in a biochemical reaction (green)
-Enzyme: Globular proteins which acts as catalyst for biochemical reactions (yellow)
The substrate and the enzyme have polar regions that attracts to each other.
Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site
-Active site: region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrate bind and which catalyses the reaction.
2.5.2 Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site.
2.5.3 Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
2.5.4 Enzymes can be denatured.
2.5.5 Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry.
2.5.3 Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
2.5.4 Enzymes can be denatured.
2.5.5 Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry.
introduced fit model
•When the substrate approaches the enzyme, there is a conformational change in the active site
•Alters stability of bonds in the substrate
•Alters stability of bonds in the substrate
Enzyme: lactase
•Lactase is obtained by artificially culturing a fungus, Kluveromyces lactisthe fungus grows naturally in milk where it uses lactase to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose
•Biotechnology companies culture the yeast, extract the lactase from the yeast, and purify it for sale to food manufacturing companies
•Biotechnology companies culture the yeast, extract the lactase from the yeast, and purify it for sale to food manufacturing companies
factors that can affect the enzyme activity
Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
Temperature
If the temperature of a reaction increases, the enzyme activity increases too. This happens because the particles in the reaction are given more energy so the enzyme and substrate molecules move around faster, and risk of collision is higher. Also the temperature breaks the hydrogen bonds making the shape of the enzyme change.
PH
Enzymes have an optimum pH at which their activity is the highest. If this PH is change the effect on the enzyme activity will depend on the type of the enzyme. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes, pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes.
Substrate concentration
Increasing Substrate Concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed. However, after a certain concentration, the enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be working at their maximum possible rate.
http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introbiochem/substrateconc.html
Temperature
If the temperature of a reaction increases, the enzyme activity increases too. This happens because the particles in the reaction are given more energy so the enzyme and substrate molecules move around faster, and risk of collision is higher. Also the temperature breaks the hydrogen bonds making the shape of the enzyme change.
PH
Enzymes have an optimum pH at which their activity is the highest. If this PH is change the effect on the enzyme activity will depend on the type of the enzyme. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes, pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes.
Substrate concentration
Increasing Substrate Concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed. However, after a certain concentration, the enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be working at their maximum possible rate.
http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introbiochem/substrateconc.html
Guidance: Students should be able to sketch graphs to show the expected effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes. They should be able to explain the patterns or trends apparent in these graphs.
Guidance: Lactase can be immobilized in alginate beads and experiments can then be carried out in which the lactose in milk is hydrolysed.
Theory of Knowledge:
Development of some techniques benefits particular human populations more than others. For example, the development of lactose-free milk available in Europe and North America would have greater benefit in Africa/Asia where lactose intolerance is more prevalent. The development of techniques requires financial investment. Should knowledge be shared when techniques developed in one part of the world are more applicable in another?
The knowledge should and must be shared among the countries, if your techniques of preventing lactose intolerance works in your country, why not helping another people that might been suffering the same issue, if you have the cure for it and dont share it it will be considered as selfish from that person.