PROTEINS
Information is from power points provided in class and Pearson book
2.4.1 Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
CONDENSATION: referred to as dehydration synthesis, is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
HYDROLYSIS: the hydrolysis of a protein is what happens when a peptide bond is broken. We say the protein has been hydrolysed. This process needs water and an enzyme. The result of hydrolysis is a smaller amino acid.
2.4.1 Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
CONDENSATION: referred to as dehydration synthesis, is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
HYDROLYSIS: the hydrolysis of a protein is what happens when a peptide bond is broken. We say the protein has been hydrolysed. This process needs water and an enzyme. The result of hydrolysis is a smaller amino acid.
2.4.2 There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.
2.4.3 Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
2.4.4 The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes.
2.4.5 A protein (protein) may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together by condensation.
2.4.7 Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
2.4.8 Every individual has a unique proteome.
2.4.6 The amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional conformational change of a protein.
•Determines the 3D structure of the protein. Interactions between variable R- groups forming:
–hydrophobic interactions between non-polar amino acids
–hydrogen bonds between polar amino acids
–ionic bonds between ionic amino acids
–covalent bonds between sulfur containing amino acid
The quaternary structure is made by 4 polypeptide bonds
protein functions
•structural: collagen in connective tissue, spider silk
•contractile: actin and myosin in muscle tissue
•hormonal: insulin
•transport: hemoglobin
•protective: antibodies, immunoglobulins
•enzymatic: amylase, Rubisco
•pigments: rhodopsin (photoreceptor cells)
•contractile: actin and myosin in muscle tissue
•hormonal: insulin
•transport: hemoglobin
•protective: antibodies, immunoglobulins
•enzymatic: amylase, Rubisco
•pigments: rhodopsin (photoreceptor cells)
chemical structure
GUIDANCE
Guidance: Students should know that mostorganisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions. Specific examples could be used for illustration.
Guidance: Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.
Guidance: The detailed structure of the six proteins selected to illustrate the functions of proteins is not needed.
Guidance: Students should know that mostorganisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions. Specific examples could be used for illustration.
Guidance: Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.
Guidance: The detailed structure of the six proteins selected to illustrate the functions of proteins is not needed.